Chunking explained including the definition
Chunking: this article explains Chunking in a practical way. It covers what chunking is, what its purpose is, where it originated from, what its core elements are, how it improves memory and how to practice chunking. It furthermore provides a roadmap for chunking, including examples, and alternative mnemonic techniques. It concludes with a summary. After reading this article, you will understand the basics of this psychology tool and mnemonic technique. Enjoy reading!
What is Chunking?
The definition of Chunking
Chunking is a method related to cognitive psychology. In the chunking process, individual pieces of a particular set of information are broken down and then grouped into a meaningful and logical whole. This influences the capacity for processing information in a positive way.
Chunking is a mnemonic technique. A mnemonic technique is a technique that a person can use to improve the ability of his or her memory. It’s simply a shortcut that allows humans to link the information to be remembered to an image, sentence, word or other memory aid.
What is the purpose of Chunking?
The purpose of chunking is to retain information in the short term by splitting it up into pieces. As a result, the limited storage capacity of the human working memory is bypassed. A chunk, or piece, is a collection of basic units grouped and stored in a person’s long term memory.
These chunks can be easily recalled in the memory because of their familiarity. The items are more easily remembered in a group than individual items themselves. The chunks of information can be highly subjective because they depend on a person’s perceptions and past experiences. The size of so-called chunks varies, but the total amount often consists of two to seven items.
How did Chunking as a psychology tool originate?
In 1956, Harvard University professor George Miller published an article titled: “The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Information Processing”.
In the article, he described the results of a series of cognitive experiments that he conducted with his colleagues. Miller found that people could usually remember between five and nine pieces of information. Seven was and is the average.
Of course, mnemonic techniques were used long before this time. Some of these techniques date back to Ancient Greece. Today, everyone uses these mnemonic techniques.
Chunking in psychology studies
Chunking is a widely and intensively researched process. Many practical studies on chunking in psychology take the shape of case studies and experiments. The definition of chunking in psychology has been expanded on by further research as well. This does not only include an explanation of chunking, but also an outline of the basis of chunking in almost every case. An article by Neal Johnson covers chunking in psychology and provides an outlined definition of the method.
Core elements of the Chunking method
Fourteen years after George Miller’s research, Neal Johnson came up with an article outlining four main concepts of the memory process and chunking. These are: chunk, memory code, decoding and recoding. The chunk, as discussed earlier, is the series of pieces of information to be remembered. These items are stored in memory code. In recoding, one learns the code for a chunk, and in decoding, the code is translated back into the information it represents.
The phenomenon of chunking as a memory mechanism is easy to observe in everyday life. Take, for example, the way people group numbers and information by remembering telephone numbers or addresses. A phone number such as 14121998 can be easily remembered by dividing it into 14, 12 and 1998. For example, the number is stored as December 14, 1998 instead of a series of individual digits. Others divide the number into pieces of 3, or into pieces of 2.
How does Chunking improve memory?
A 2019 study from the University of Zurich describes how chunking as a memory mechanism affects memory. This research tested whether chunking indeed helps to circumvent the limited capacity of the working memory.
The experiments that the researchers conducted showed that chunking could not only store and recall bits of information, but also non-chunked information that was stored simultaneously. This supports the assumption that chunking partially relieves the working memory or short term memory.
In addition, the researchers found out whether the size of the chunks with information influences these benefits. As long as the pieces of information remain linked, the size of the piece of information had no influence. Only when pieces of information have to be remembered that are not linked to each other, does the size of the chunk determine the effectiveness with which it can be stored.
How do I practice Chunking?
For many students and professionals, chunking is one of the best ways to remember bits of information. However, not all chunks are equally difficult, so some pieces require more attention than others. The same goes for someone who learns to play the piano by hearing and playing.
A beginner will listen to the piece several times and learn to play it piece by piece. Chunking as a memory aid is not difficult to perform. Identifying the chunks is probably the trickiest part of the chunking process. Below is a step-by-step roadmap. Follow this roadmap and learn to remember information in a new way within four steps.
Roadmap for Chunking including examples
Whether it’s a high school history exam, the key points of a meeting or a colleague’s briefing, Chunking can be used wherever things need to be remembered. Follow the 4-step plan below to use this memory mechanism yourself.
Step 1: Identify the chunks
First, it is important to select the right pieces of information. Students may receive a timeline of dates and events to learn from their history teacher. The piano student may have to practice with large octave jumps in a piece of music that he has to practice beforehand. Immediately circle these parts. When all pieces of information have been dealt with, the pieces can be learned.
Step 2: Don’t rush
Do not expect what you are learning to be completed in one session, depending on the situation. There is a reason people are learning bits of information: often what they learn is difficult. Sometimes it is necessary for someone to sleep on it first before he or she can continue with the next piece. If necessary, plan the week in which you learn a different piece on each day and repeat the previous piece.
Step 3: Start slow
Just because the big picture consists of only 5 pieces of information, that doesn’t mean you have to go through it at high speed and hope that your memory keeps up. Start slowly and make sure there are no mistakes in what you have learned.
Make sure that the sequence is correct, that the pieces are related and that what you have learned is well anchored in your memory.
Step 4: Integrate with existing pieces
Each piece must then be connected to the rest of the pieces. Many people forget this final step. As a result, the transition of pieces can be chaotic.
When it comes to playing the piano, it seems as if the pianist needs a short pause between the different parts to switch to the next part.
To transition seamlessly from piece to piece, a different strategy is used: chaining. Each chunk is made a bit bigger so that in the end everything consists of 1 chunk.
The relationship between expertise and memory capacity
Several studies have shown that people are better able to remember things when they try to remember things they are familiar with. Likewise, people tend to make chunks from information they are familiar with. This level of familiarity makes people better able to remember more chunks, as well as more specific content of those chunks of information.
A well-known experiment was conducted by Chase and Ericsson. They worked with students for two years to see if a person’s number range could be extended through practice. One student was a long-distance runner.
By splitting a series of numbers into race times, his range of numbers was extended. Where the usual average is 7 numbers, this student managed to memorize 80 numbers by linking them to race times. The student later stated that he could expand his strategy by including ages and years in the pieces of information. This made it easier for him to remember the chunks.
It is important to state that a person who has no knowledge of a particular expert domain such as race times would have had a harder time memorizing that many numbers using this method.
Alternative mnemonic techniques
In addition to dividing information into pieces with the chunking technique, there are still a few other mnemonic techniques. The most common are briefly explained below.
Loci method
Loci’s method is a memory aid from the time of the ancient Greek. This makes it one of the oldest information retention techniques we know today. Using it is simple. Imagine a home you are familiar with. You can divide the house into different rooms.
These different rooms then represent objects of information that must be remembered. Another example is to use a route. It is useful to choose a well-known route such as the route from home to work. Different landmarks along the way then represent pieces of information.
Acronyms
Another mnemonic technique is the use of acronyms. An acronym is a word formed from the first letters or groups of letters in a name or phrase. An acrostic is a series of lines from which certain letters, such as the first letters of all lines, come from a word or phrase. These techniques are used as a mnemonic by memorizing the first letters of certain words.
Examples of acronyms are: EFQM Model, RACI Model, ADKAR Model, PEST Model, ADDIE Model, SWOT Model and many more.
Rhymes
A rhyme is a saying with similar rhyme patterns. These terminal sounds can appear at the end of the line or at a different place in the sentence. Rhymes are easy to remember because they are stored in acoustic coding in the brain.
Imagination
Visualizations are a very effective way of learning information. Language and visualisations are often used to remember word pairs such as green grass, yellow sun, blue water etc.
The Loci method is also a form of using visualisations. By remembering specific images, it can help people to remember information associated with this image.
Summary Chunking
Chunking is a memory mechanism that helps people learn to remember information by breaking it down into small pieces. Chunking is a mnemonic technique. A mnemonic technique means that it helps people to improve the capacity of their memory.
By using chunking, the regular working memory of the brain is relieved. Chunks, or pieces of related information, are easier to remember than individual pieces of information. A chunk usually consists of two to seven items.
Chunking is often used in everyday life. An example of this is the way people memorize telephone numbers. One learns the number in groups of 2, another turns the number into a date, and another learns the number digit by digit.
Chunking is very easy to apply and practice. It is important to first identify the most important things that need to be learned from the complete body of information.
Depending on the amount of information and the size of the pieces, make sure that a good planning is made that describes the memory activity for each day. Start slow, make sure there are no mistakes in the learning, and repeat and use chaining to link the pieces together.
Chase and Ericsson conducted an experiment among students for two years. This showed that a long-distance runner was able to remember 80 numbers when linked to race times, ages and years. This is much more than the seven numbers usually remembered by the average person.
Besides Chunking, there are some other very effective mnemonic techniques. The Loci method is the oldest of these. The method originating from the ancient Greek allows people to use their imagination. By dividing a familiar house into a number of rooms and linking objects of information to each room, it is easier to remember the information.
Acronyms are another mnemonic technique. An acronym is a word formed from the first letters of a particular word or phrase.
Rhymes are also used to remember information. As certain syllables from each line rhyme with each other, the information is stored in the auditory part of the memory. This also relieves the working memory.
Now it is your turn
What do you think? Do you recognize the explanation about chunking? Do you use this memory mechanism to easily remember information? How do you remember a long telephone number? What other tips can you share with us for remembering information? Which other forms of memory training do you know? Do you have any other tips or comments?
Share your experience and knowledge in the comments box below.
More information
- Ellis, N. C. (1996). Sequencing in SLA: Phonological memory, chunking, and points of order. Studies in second language acquisition, 91-126.
- Thornton, M. A., & Conway, A. R. (2013). Working memory for social information: Chunking or domain-specific buffer?. NeuroImage, 70, 233-239.
- Bellezza, F. S., & Young, D. R. (1989). Chunking of repeated events in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15(5), 990.
- Gobet, F., & Simon, H. A. (1998). Expert chess memory: Revisiting the chunking hypothesis. Memory, 6(3), 225-255.
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Original publication date: 12/27/2020 | Last update: 06/092023
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Ben Janse
Ben Janse is a young professional working at ToolsHero as Content Manager. He is also an International Business student at Rotterdam Business School where he focusses on analyzing and developing management models. Thanks to his theoretical and practical knowledge, he knows how to distinguish main- and side issues and to make the essence of each article clearly visible.
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